4D Analysis and Interpretation
In the 20th century, modern 3D seismic technology was instrumental in reducing discovery costs. Today time-lapse or 4D seismic is enabling oil companies to optimize production and increase recovery through monitoring fluid movements throughout the reservoir. This ability to accurately monitor fluid movements is driven by improvements in seismic signal fidelity and repeatability from the application of Q-Technology, together with Well-Driven Seismic data integration.
In geomechanically active reservoirs such as compaction drive reservoirs, we can detect traveltime changes not just in the reservoir, but also in the overburden. In these reservoirs, production causes subsurface deformations and changes in seismic velocity. These deformations and velocity changes in the overburden can be monitored using time-lapse seismic data.
Saturation and pressure changes in a reservoir may be determined from AVO inversion methods; in particular, simultaneous inversion is providing additional quantitative information about reservoir conditions.
Changes in seismic amplitude brightening and dimming need to be interpreted with an understanding of the reservoir fluid production and injection and reservoir geometry.
Rock physics models using well log and core measurements are brought together to forward model and convert time-lapse seismic measurements into quantitative production-related changes in reservoir saturation and pressure.
Interpretations of reservoir pressure, saturation, and fluid contacts from time-lapse seismic data contribute to production enhancement by constraining production history matching and enhancing reservoir simulations.
Time-lapse seismic data may be used to define the fluid-flow characteristics of the reservoir and improve flow models.
Probability maps may be generated using stochastic simulation because the different classifications overlap, the results depict the probability of an area being drained, partially drained, or undrained.
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