The shift from energy substitution to system redesign

The energy transition isn’t simply a matter of replacing fossil-based assets with renewable or lower-carbon technologies; it requires a fundamental redesign of how energy systems are planned, operated, and coordinated. As grids absorb more renewables, batteries, and electrified loads, their reliability will depend on understanding system-wide interactions rather than optimizing individual assets in isolation. A systems mindset helps planners evaluate tradeoffs across reliability, affordability, emissions, and infrastructure constraints. Digital modeling, scenario testing, and emerging AI tools will be essential for stress-testing future pathways, identifying risks early, and building transition strategies that remain resilient as demand, regulation, technology, and operating conditions evolve.